The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay - 1711 Words

We knocked on the door of the off-campus apartment, as it opened we were confronted with the heavy stench of alcohol. A young girl was passed out on the living room floor, a pile of empty beer cans filled the kitchen sink, and the deafening music rattled the window panes. A group of girls managed to stumble past us. They waved goodbye to the host, who was handing drinks to me and my sister. It was not my first time drinking. In fact, everyone there was quite experienced – after all, it’s college. Half of the guests were completely drunk, and I had no problem with it. That is, until later that night when my sister locked herself in a room with a guy she had met only a week before. This prompted me to seriously consider the effects of†¦show more content†¦Today, people are aware that the law does not stop underage drinking, as illustrated by the thousands of deaths resulting from excessive alcohol consumption by people below the age of 21. A group called the Am ethyst Initiative is now pushing for the lowering of the drinking age to 18. Should the drinking age be lowered from 21 to 18, or would this have the same catastrophic results as in the 1970s? My experiences in high school and college have taught me that restricting young people from drinking does not stop them from consuming alcohol. However, is this a good reason to lower the drinking age? People’s actions should conform to the law, as the purpose of laws is to maintain order in society. If the community could eliminate or alter laws simply by consistently breaking them, then legislation would become obsolete. Although the â€Å"21 law† does not completely prevent underage drinking, it has helped to reduce the number of incidents of underage drinking. Research studies conducted between 1960 and 1999 have been reviewed by University of Minnesota epidemiologists Alexander Wagenaar and Traci Toomey. Their conclusion is that the law has â€Å"reduced both youth alcohol use and alcohol-related traffic crashes† (DeJong 3). Furthermore, in 1999, New Zealand lowered its legal drinking age from 20 to 18. The result was a â€Å"big increase in traffic crashes and injuries among 15- to 19-year-olds† (DeJong 3).Show MoreRelatedShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?995 Words   |  4 Pages Should the legal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much reading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in college lacking in classes. The legal drinkingRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?853 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities around their friends to feel like they are a part of the team. Many people often wonder if the court of law stepped in and changed the age of drinking would this help the case of underage drinking. This proposed law would lower the drinking age to make the teenagers less rebellious and allow them to feel more like adults. If the drinking age were to be lowered then teenagers would feel as if they didn’t have to drink every day because they wouldn’t have to wonder when this opportunity will happenRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?875 Words   |  4 Pages Should the Drinking Age Be Lowered? Should the legal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much reading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in collegeRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1135 Words   |  5 Pages In today’s society, underage drinking is seen all around us. It is in TV shows, movies, schools, and even in our own communities. Although it may be understood as something we are not supposed to do, many of these shows do not depict the real issues that can come from drinking under age. While only 11% of the alcohol sold in America is consumed by those under the age of twenty-one, it is still a horrific, nationwide problem. Alc ohol is a drug that can make you do things you would neverRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1705 Words   |  7 Pagespassed The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 which enforces the legal drinking age and purchasing of alcohol in the United States to be twenty-one. Since then, the debated idea of whether or not the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen has been an ongoing topic for decades. Alcoholism affects many people in the United States but promoting it at such young age would not be such a great idea for the youths in today’s society.The drinking age should not be lowered due to the fact that itRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered? Essay2027 Words   |  9 PagesShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered? One of the major problems today in United States society is the amount of people in college who are drinking while underage. Every day on college campuses we see rebellious young adults disobey the law and drink alcohol under the age of 21. How would things be different if the drinking age was lowered? Would college students abuse it or is it a good idea? Many people believe the drinking age should be kept where it is now based on statistics. I feel the drinkingRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?994 Words   |  4 PagesShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered? Approximately 2 out of every 3 high school students have drank to the point of getting intoxicated (binge drink), in more than one occasion (Centers for Disease and Control Prevention [CDC], n.d.). Binge drinking has become increasingly common for youth under the minimum legal drinking age, making it increasingly dangerous because of the lack of supervision that young adults have that can consequently, lead to death because of fear of the law (Bonnie O’ConnellRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1639 Words   |  7 PagesMost people would concur that alcohol should not be given to teenagers. Despite the fact that we concede to this essential truth, underage drinking is still a noteworthy issue in our nation. Since adolescents need development and information with regards to liquor, they put themselves, as well as others in incredible danger when they decide to consume. Regardless of the risk, there are individuals out there who believe that the drinking age should be lowered. However, their argument is weak, andRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered2353 Words   |  10 PagesDrinking Age Over the years the drinking age or the drinking laws have been questioned and changed many times. For a few years now more recently question being, should the drinking age be lowered to eighteen? Or why shouldn’t it? In the United States, binge drinking has been a big problem. Its one of the top causes for traffic tragedies as well as other health issues that come along with it, especially among college students. However since the drinking age has changed from being 18 to 21 thereRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1599 Words   |  7 Pagesmany years is whether the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen years old, as opposed to where it is now, at twenty one. Some argue that at age eighteen, a person is legally an adult and able to go to war, vote, and partake in other adult activities. If they are an adult at this age, why are they unable to legally drink alcohol? There are numerous reasons why drinking is unsafe for those under twenty one. The drinking age is s et at age twenty one for a reason, and should stay that way. Some states

Relationship Between Parental Involvement And Student...

Introduction/Purpose Flores, Gentling, Rosenberg Steinhaus (2015) believe that parental involvement is a key component of academic success for children. Parental involvement can be described as parents â€Å"helping with homework, structuring children’s time at home for schoolwork, communicating with teachers and volunteering at school â€Å"(p. 36). In addition, the lack of parental involvement may lead to difficultly in school for some children (Flores et al., 2015). The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between parental involvement and student academic achievement for children in special education (Flores et al., 2015). Method This study took place during the 2012-2013 school year. The participants were 82 seventh and eighth grade students at Santiago Charter Middle school enrolled in special education and their parents and teachers. Flores et al. (2015) received permission from the school’s Institutional Research Board (IRB) to include the school’s name in the publication of this study. The students were assigned to either the Special Day Classes; which is when they stay in one class the entire day with other special educations students, or the Resources Room; which is where students spend half of their day in special education and the other half in the general education classes. The students were placed in the classes based on the information on their Individualized Education Plan (IEP). In the Special Day Class there were 24 males and nine females, andShow MoreRelatedParental Involvement And Academic Performance1686 Words   |  7 Pagesnoticeable and omnipresent achievement gap in our educational system between students of all levels. Research studies have suggested that educational achievement has remained unbalanced for a variety of reasons, one of which is the lack of parental involvement in their children’s academic performance (Larocque, Kleiman Darling, 2011). Parental involvement refers to the amount of participation a parent has when it comes to schooling and her child s life. Parental involvement can take on many formsRead MoreEducational Attainment And Parental Support1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthe academic achievement of primary school children, there is no rural urban difference in academic achievement of primary school children. The findings of the study points out that, Socio-economic status is positively and significantly co related with academic achievement at the primary stage of education, Higher SES category students show significantly better academic achievements in comparison to meddler low SES category students. 2.5. STUDIES RELATED TO EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND PARENTAL SUPPORT:Read MoreResearch Project On Parental Involvement1159 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Parental involvement is the combination of commitment on the part of the parent to their child and to their school. This literature review outlines the steps that I will be taking to conduct my research project on the importance of parental and family involvement in kids’ education. I have always had interest in the social aspect of a student’s learning and how their environment affects their motivation for learning. I find it to be very important to be aware of these contributors andRead More Parental Involvement in Education and its Effects on Student Academic Performance1159 Words   |  5 PagesParental Involvement in Education and its Effects on Student Academic Performance Educational standards have recently become a controversial issue especially in secondary schools. One of the controversial issues surrounding educational standards is the lack of parental involvement. Various forms of parental involvement range from parental encouragement to parental partnership with the school. By examining parental involvement in secondary education, one can determine that positive parentalRead MoreThe Effects Of Parental Involvement On Students909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Parental Involvement Parental involvement is essential to academic achievement of students and correlates to student success (Emeagwali, 2009). Research demonstrates that parental attitudes and behaviors are in turn influenced by involvement with schools (Epstein, 1991; Epstein et al., 2009; Henderson Berla, 1994; Swap, 1993). When parents’ positive attitudes are transmitted to children they serve to shape children’s school achievement (Comer, 1986; Herman Yeh, 1983). FurthermoreRead MoreChildren s Academic Achievement, And The Mediation Role Of Self Regulated Learning850 Words   |  4 PagesThe present study aimed to investigate parental involvement as a possible mechanism linking children s academic achievement, and the mediation role of self-regulated learning. In line with earlier findings, the results of this study showed parental involvement is positively linked to children s academic achievement. More important, self-regulated learning fully mediated the relation between parental involvement and children’s academic achievement. To be more specific, the motivation orientationRead More Parental Involvement Benefits Elementary School Childrens Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesParental Involvement Benefits Elementary School Childrens Parental involvement has many positive effects on both child and parent. Some of the benefits of parental involvement for children are a significantly increased cognitive development, an improvement in the child’s motivation, a stronger parent-child relationship and, of course, increased academic achievement. Some of the benefits parental involvement has on parents are gaining a more positive attitude about themselves andRead MoreParental Involvement And Sexual Involvement915 Words   |  4 Pagesshowing the importance of parental involvement in every aspect and in every socioeconomic class. Yvonne peril constructs research one program for involvement but first wanted to come up with a cookie cutter definition of what parental involvement was. Through research she realized that this task was very difficult. And as she review literature on parental involvement a conclusion was made that there was no consistent agreement on for across the board of what parental in volvement should be defined as.Read MoreThe Importance Of Parental Involvement On Academic Success1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe previous studies have analyzed both student and teacher perspective; the article written by Fox (2016) from School Community Journal describes the way parental involvement can influence academic success. This study helps fill the gap in literature from previous studies that did not look into parent perspectives. In the study Fox mentions that homework can be viewed very differently depending on the age, ability, and socioeconomic status of the student. (2016). The study was conducted by interviewingRead MoreThe Academic Outcomes For Children1384 Words   |  6 Pageseducation, the academic outcomes for children can be very positive. The literature has lauded parental involvement as an effective strategy to increase student achievement, but schools still struggle with how to effectively involve parents of color and low-income families (Bower Griffin, 2011). School’s Responsibility NCLB requires schools to use at least 1% of their Title I funds to develop a parent involvement program, explain the curriculum, standards, and assessment to parents, develop a parent-school

What Shaped Transcendentalism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 621 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Transcendentalism Essay Did you like this example? According to a professor at Stanford University, transcendentalism is an idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in and around New England during the 1830s, in reply to rationalism. The movement was influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, and taught others that divinity extends all nature and humanity. Followers of transcendentalism held progressive views on communal living and feminism. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were two of the many central figures, who were leaders of the transcendentalist movement. Transcendentalism first started when a group of Christians separated from the church because they did not agree with the old puritan views. Some of the views included the inescapability of human evil and wickedness, and that one could not choose salvation. The Christians that left, believed more in the unity of God than the supposed Trinity of God. Those people became the Unitarians. The Unitarians integrated a thought that both David Hume, and John Locke believed in, and that thought was empiricism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Shaped Transcendentalism?" essay for you Create order Empiricism is a theory that knowledge comes only or primarily from experiences your senses have. Empiricism can be seen in Emersons essay titled Nature. To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and what he touches. Emerson also goes on to say in his essay titled Self Reliance to Accept the place the divine providence1 has found for you, essentially stating that you as a person should accept nature for it is created and given to us by God. Emerson and Thoreau were not the only people of the public who supported transcendentalism, and not all supporters were male. Margaret Fuller was one of the prominent unofficial female leaders of transcendentalism. Fuller wrote the essay titled Women In The Nineteenth Century bringing in the thought that for women, knowledge does not need to be taken from experiences your senses have in nature, but also indoors while reading books. In our own country, women are, in many respects, better situated than men. Good books are allowed, with more time to read them. While thinking about it, books and poetry were made by humans, who were made by God. With the works of Emerson, Fuller, and Thoreau, six main categories of transcendentalism were formed. Those categories are; simplicity, nonconformity, self-reliance, civil disobedience, connection to nature, and hard work. Now the question is, do we see transcendentalism and the six different categories in our daily lives? Yes, we do, even if we dont know it. The Amish live simply, living off the land, not having a lot of materialistic items. Hipsters are nonconformists, going against the grain of others in their daily life. The Little Engine That Could is an example of self-reliance because he made it up the big mountain. Rosa Parks and MLK represent civil disobedience, for standing up against racism. Buddhism for a connection to nature, because they believe in surrounding themselves in nature when worshiping and meditating for a closer connection to Buddha. Finally Gabby Douglas for hard work, with her commitment to practicing to become an Olympic gold medalist. What shaped transcendentalism? To put it simply, the essay writers, supporters, enthusiasts, the Unitarians, and wanting to believe in the goodness around them, despite the negativity, the wars, the destruction of our planet, and ourselves. Nevertheless, there might also be other categories and types of people we dont know about. As the country changes, will transcendentalism be shaped even further, will it continue to grow, or will it crumble?

Bullying And Its Effects On Society - 983 Words

For the popular and socially acceptable, it is hysterical to think they could understand the pain and hurt felt by those bullied and harassed in grade school. They have their nearly perfect lives, fancy clothes, shining pearly whites, and overly priced shoes. One cannot blame them for their blessings and ability to possess such extravagant things. However, one can slightly blame them for their attitude towards others who are not as fortunate as they may be. This sense of entitlement has led to inequality which has plagued not just one country but the entire world. This monstrosity can be seen not only in the United States but as well as thirty-five other countries. Today’s youth have experienced nearly twice as much bullying than past generations. In the United States it is shown that forty-eight percent of junior high and high school students have been bullied. Seventy percent of all grade school students in the United States say they have bullied or have seen a fellow classmate bullied. The types of bullying in today’s schools include: physical, social, verbal, and cyber bullying. This is a problem that has been brought to the attention of school systems all over the world, the problem however can never seem to be eradicated. Thousands of ideas have been implemented and thousands have failed, due to the fact that those minds developing the cures to bullying have more than likely not experienced the mental and physical pain it can cause first hand. As a person whoShow MoreRelatedBullying And Its Effect On Society1060 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is bullying? Google’s online dictionary defines bullying as using superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Many define bullying as physically, mentally, emotionally, and psychologically degrading another living being. Bullying has become a growing issue around the world. The act of bullying can begin with a small eye roll, but within a short period of time it can escalate to abuse. Bullying is an issue that cannot be takenRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society1546 Words   |  7 Pages13, 2014 Bullying Continues to Worsen Rudeness can be defined in many ways, but the definition most fitting for this topic would be, lack of manners, discourtesy. It’s been around since the beginning of time, but it’s become increasingly popular in today’s society. There are infinite ways someone could be rude to others, for example not holding a door for the next person, making fun of someone, or even disrupting someone. One big problem in today’s generation is bullying. THESIS: Bullying has increasedRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Society1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmay be exploited is through the familiar conviction of bullying. Bullying has been entrenched in American society as a relevant issue for quite some time. The word â€Å"bully† derives back from as far as the 1530’s. In 1838, the novel, Oliver Twist, exhibited the first use of bullying within literary work. Years later, in 1862, the first account of bullying was reported. Over one hundred years following this, th e first proposition of an anti-bullying law was constructed. As time has persisted, the issueRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesBullying, or being bullied, was once thought of as a normal process of growing up that had little to no impact in life. Now, it has become lethal enough to even go as far to convince one to end their life or commit a felony. The action of bullying a person has increased not just physically but also through the cyberspace world. As the world’s internet continues to expand with more social media and entertainment pages like Facebook, WorldStarHipHop, video blogging website, music video promotersRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society1313 Words   |  6 PagesBullying is defined as a use of superior strength or influence to intimidate someone, typically to force him or her to do what one wants. The bully and those who are bullied can be of any age; bullying does not discriminate. There are a number of ps ychological causes and effects that can cause bullying and also the lasting effects of. However, in order to understand the psychology behind bullying, one must understand the reasons that influence one to become a bully and the effects it can have onRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society1957 Words   |  8 PagesBullying is defined as â€Å"unwanted, aggressive behavior among people that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Both persons who are bullied and who bully others may have serious, lasting problems.† In this day and age, there are so many places advertising a no bullying sentiment or trying to get people to donate money or read about how to stop the bullying that goes on in high school. These websites and foundations areRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society2270 Words   |  10 PagesBullying is arguably one of the most common vices in our contemporary society that affec ts individuals across different settings in the society. Most people associate bullying with schools and teenagers, but the practice cuts across almost all institutions in the modern-day American society. People get bullied at workplaces and even in public institutions when seeking for public services. Bullying entails the use of perceived superior power by an individual to intimidate, threaten, or harm anotherRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Society Essay2475 Words   |  10 PagesIt seems bullying has existed since the beginning of humanity. As we saw in the video during class, Competitiveness was first to arise before cooperation. The dynamics of bullying however are ever-changing and pose an even larger threat to society than ever before. From elementary school to high school, even in college and beyond. The various environments, the internet, work place and even at home. The variables of bullying have changed so dramatically over a considerably short passage of time,Read M oreBullying And Its Effects On Society1932 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Bullying, a social issue that has been most associated with adolescent aggressive behavior from one to another, has expanded from the realms of the school halls to the Internet. But as laws have been passed and legislation enacted, are these adolescent populations still vulnerable? This paper describes the definition of bullying, power imbalance or struggle, public reaction, policies, public laws or administration rules, implementation of social welfare programs, actual impact, legislativeRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society1309 Words   |  6 PagesIt is very important for teachers to take a bigger approach on bullying because it can go undetected, be harmful to students, and have a negative impact on families. This also will make the environment where the bullying is taking place a negative place for others. Other people may say that they should just move then they can have a fresh start. However it is absolutely critical for schools to take a bigger approach towards bull ying because it can go undetected, be harmful to the victim and others

Business Studies †Investigating three shops Free Essays

The following assignment investigates people and work at three different stores. The first is Sainsbury’s Savacentre, a hypermarket located in Beckton. Very wide ranges of items are sold here, not just groceries but clothes and technology too. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Studies – Investigating three shops or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have also chosen two specialist shops, each selling a product available in the hypermarket. I have selected ‘The Card Shop’ as one of my specialist shops. This is a store, local to my area, specialising in the sale of greetings cards, one of the products made available by the hypermarket. In addition to this, I have chosen Kashmir Store as a specialist shop. This small family run business specialises in the selling of halal meat and certain Asian foods. The Savacentre hypermarket has recently begun to sell some of these products in-store. The aim of this report is to address certain key ideas related to work and industry. This assignment hopes to demonstrate the key ideas in a work environment. The principal key ideas tackled in this project are listed below. 1) There is an important relationship between the level of technology and the nature of work. 2) Workers in different industries are interdependent and modern industry is characterised by specialisation. 3) The way in which industry is organised has an important effect on job satisfaction. Key idea number one suggests that certain types of work require higher levels of technology than other types of work. For example, I would expect office workers to use more technology in the way of photocopiers and computers than builders who use less technology such as cement mixers. Key idea number two suggests that workers from different industries are interdependent. That is to say, the computer manufacturing industry is dependent on the retail industry to sell its product. One cannot survive without the other. Furthermore, the key idea states that modern industry is characterised by specialisation. This means that industry today is specialised and specific or fills a niche. Overall, this key idea implies that because industries are very specific, they may be limited and therefore need to be interdependent. This is analogous to a newspaper and a newsagent. The production of a newspaper is a specialised industry as is the newsagent. Both however are interdependent as the paper cannot be sold without the newsagent and the newsagent will suffer financially without the newspaper. Finally, the third key idea suggests that job satisfaction is influenced by the way in which industry is organised. Job satisfaction is a term to describe how much a person enjoys their job and finds it fulfilling. Industry organisation can lead to poor or very good job satisfaction. This can affect workers quite drastically. For example, poor job satisfaction may lead to inefficient work and high employee turnover, which is not good for the company or industry. In order to find out if these hypotheses are true for the retail industry and more importantly, for the shops that I have chosen, I will carry out two methods of investigation, a questionnaire and general observation. By collecting data using a questionnaire, a large sample can be targeted and answers compared amongst respondents. Due to time restrictions and work place limitations, a structured interview will not be employed. Instead, a questionnaire will be used so that staff can respond in their own time. However, questionnaires are rather limited in the types of data they generate. Boredom in filling out the forms can also lead to falsified results. To combat this, I will directly observe workers. This technique allows for study of behaviour in the ‘natural setting’. The interaction between workers can be studied, as can the behaviour and attitude of individuals. In an ideal situation, I would use participant observation instead but as it is unrealistic to take up employment in order to join the workers, I will just observe as a customer. I will carry out direct observation by visiting the stores and making notes on employee behaviour. I will then obtain questionnaire information by ringing the stores in question for permission to carry out my research. Once this has been established, I will visit the shops and then distribute questionnaires amongst the staff. The research will be carried out in this order to prevent staff from changing their behaviour after filling in their questionnaires. How to cite Business Studies – Investigating three shops, Papers

The Workplace Law Advisor

Question: Analyze and apply the concepts of freedom versus responsibility and ethical decision making. Analyze and evaluate laws that protect against discrimination in the workplace. Analyze and evaluate the employment-at-will doctrine and exceptions, as well as the protections afforded whistleblowers. Explore the legal and ethical issues surrounding employee and consumer privacy. Use technology and information resources to research issues in law, ethics, and corporate governance. Write clearly and concisely about law, ethics, and corporate governance using proper writing mechanics.? Answer: Employment At Will Doctrine: In the United States, except in Montana, all employment relationships are considered to be at-will (Autor, 2014). This means that an employer, in the course of employment is eligible to terminate an employee at any time for unspecified reasons provided that the reasons are not illegal ones. Such termination is not likely to bring any legal obligation on the employees. At the same time, the employees can also leave their job without any notice and they would not face any legal consequences for the same (Goldman, Corrada Goldman, 2011). The employee at will doctrine also provides that the employers can change the terms of the employment at any time without giving any notice to the employers. This provides that the employers can change the wages structure, can terminate the employment benefits or can even reduce paid time offs. If any employee is hired at will, the law court does not extent any positive attitude towards the employees for any losses accrued by them in the course of thei r dismissal (Gould, 1982). There are certain exceptions to the doctrine (Covey, 2000). These are pointed as under: Public policy exception: this provides that if the firing of an employee by the employer, violates the public policy doctrine of the state, then, such a termination cannot be made (Hill, 1987). Implied contract exceptions: under this exception, an employee cannot be fired by an employer when there is an implied contract between the two (Shepard, Olsen Duston, 1987). Statutory exceptions: there are three statutory exceptions to the doctrine (Kruger, 1986). They are being discussed as follows: On refusal to commit illegal acts: an employee cannot be fired if he refuses to carry out an illegal act; On leave on account of family or medical issues: if an employee takes a leave for addressing his/her family or medical issues, he may not be terminated; In retaliation cases: this implies that if an employee protects an action taken by the employee like in cases of testifying wrongful terminations, or wrongful discriminations, they cannot be opposed and terminated. Understanding Johns position: John posted a rant on his Facebook page in which he criticized the companys most important customer. In this matter, there are rights in the hands of the company to fire John only if it can be proved that the information that John furnished is actually wrong and has defamed the company. the company can fire John at will if there are other employees who agree to the comments made b y him. This is likely to bring down the number of customers and would hamper the sales of the company. There exists no employment at will doctrine that can stop John from being fired. The actions that can be taken in this regard to limit the liability are that firstly, the matter should be discussed with the HR and it should be found out that how is this going to affect the company and what will be the liability of the company as John was an employee of the company while he did such a thing. There has to be a discussion as to why such comments were made by John and he has to be made understood all the effects of the same. The theory supporting this is Free Market Ethics because the stakeholders are likely to undergo a loss in the market because of this slander. Understanding Bills position: Bill has been using his company-issued BlackBerry to run his own business on the side. The firing of Bill is dependent on the companys policy for using technology for personal uses. If there is any specific expression in the companys statement policy that the technology of the company in the form of computers or tablets or cell phones or any other electronic gadget cannot be utilized for personal uses, then Bill can definitely be fired. On the other hand if there is no such expression in the handbook of the company, then, Bill cannot be fired. There does not exist any employment-at will doctrine for the employees to use this scenario. This situation should immediately draw the attention of the management towards amending the handbook of the company and clearly stating in it that no technology of the company can be used by the employees for their personal benefits. The theories relevant here can be the Free Market Ethics and the Virtue Ethics. Understanding Annas position: Annas boss refused to sign her leave request for jury duty and now wants to fire her for being absent without permission. Anna cannot be fired in this instance as she requested leave for attending her jury duty. The assistance will be given to Anna by the employee- at- will doctrine. The absence protocol in matters of jury duty should be clearly state in the policy of the company. It should also be clearly provided that if adherence is not shown to public policy or the state policy when the employees have a jury duty, the same shall be condoned. The assisting theories in this matter would be the Virtue Ethics or the Deontology Ethics Theory. Real-World Example We shall look into the matter of Edward B. v M H Aluminium Sales here. The main issue in the matter was that Edward was hired by M H Aluminium and the handbook of the company stated that the first 90 days would be a probationary period. It also specified about the employment-at-will policy. Post the probationary period, Edward was evaluated favorably. After two months, Edward was dismissed from his position for cause only. The outcome was given in favor of Edward. The company was asked by the Court to pay Edward an amount of $ 740,000. This was based on the projected loss undergone by Edward along with the loss of benefits that he underwent since the day he was terminated till his age of retirement. This damage was awarded in association of all the economic losses that Edward went through and as a remedy for the breach of contract on the part of the company. References Autor, D. (2014). Outsourcing at Will: The Contribution of Unjust Dismissal Doctrine to the Growth of Employment Outsourcing.SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.281418 Covey, A. (2000).The workplace law advisor. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Pub. Goldman, A., Corrada, R., Goldman, A. (2011).Labour law in the USA. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. Gould, W. (1982).A primer on American labor law. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Hill, A. (1987)."Wrongful discharge" and the derogation of the at-will employment doctrine. Philadelphia: Industrial Research Unit, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Kruger, M. (1986).Employee handbooks and the employment at will doctrine. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Small Business Assistance Office. Shepard, I., Olsen, H., Duston, R. (1987).Employment at will. Washington, D.C.: College and University Personnel Association.

Auditing And Assurance Services of Insurance Company

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance Services for HIH Insurance Company. Answer: Introduction: Analysis of business risk of HIH indicated that such risks are linked with global, environmental and local factors. Such risks are deemed to be relied on the understanding of insurance sector and the ways in which HIH is capable to adjust itself within the parameters of risk evaluation (Abbas and Iqbal 2012). Insolvency Risk Determination: Several measures are available for insolvency determination in which the roles of evaluating risk are dependent on the auditing risk evaluation. Here exists certain general agreement that is necessary to have the capacity for addressing the debts of the organization under which it is encompassed. Along with support of insolvency risk and profitability structure there is a requirement concentrate more on business that will include limited consumers to launch the sector (Bagshaw 2013). The conceptual framework is based on the organizations capacity to address its existing debt. For this reason, it is vital to determine companys solvency that further analyses non-financial along with financial considerations. Profitability Evaluation and Related Structure: Among the suitable approaches for evaluating HIHs business risk in order to further analyze the competitive environment of the sector concerning the increase in competition along with price range enhancement. For risk evaluation, insurance handling within the Australian industry turns out to be relatively simpler those are fresh to the regulations of the industry (Bebbington et al. 2014). The Insurance and the Superannuation Commission serves as an Australian regulatory body holding the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority. Certain risks that HIH is capable to deal with include auditing risk factors as this facilitates the company to issue an unqualified audit relied on some financial statements. Such aspects are generally relied on holding the procedure along with planning in alignment with some risks namely control, detection and inherent risk (Glover et al. 2016). Control risks encompass certain material inaccuracy that the company failed to detect in its internal control systems. It was observed from the case of HIH the accuracy and completeness of the general ledger for the ledger recognition and the bank account, which is not yet performed by the company. Organizational performance is relied on the process of substantive differential that offers a huge dependence on the process of external documentation (Griffiths 2012). Ledger accounts inclusion and the distinct bank accounts assist in organizations tangible assets valuation. Risk detection includes several techniques of auditing that is performance based and does not tend to detect the material inaccuracies or any assertions. This indicates that it is necessary for HIH to focus on timely planning and decreasing the situations of not detecting material misstatement very effectively. From the internal documents of HIH, it is gathered that the company was not capable of conducting suitable substantive procedures that is intended to address issues related with superior performance concerning the inadequate planning and goodwill for upcoming tax benefits (Kogan et al. 2014). Inherent risk can be understood as uncertainties related to a companys financial statement in which HIH Insurance Company accepts the solvency margin maintenance, charging adequate premiums along with the organizations liquidity factors. This includes reinsuring several different policies along with offering the record of marine insurance practices that hugely belongs to insurance professions. Legal Liability The issue is associated to unqualified audit procedure that includes audit risk those are inefficiently managed by the organization. Auditors are seemed to have less awareness regarding inherent risk that is unrecognized by modifications made by HIH in the previous year. Huge focus is observed to be on auditing report that signifies auditing practices implemented by HIH. The auditor remained inefficient in investigating the companys auditing practices that it can notify to various practices. Such issues are generally associated to inadequate auditors independence in alignment with the non-auditing work performance and realizing the HIH operations for enhanced business risk. Such cases are linked to certain auditing procedures with estimated auditing risk (Messier Jr 2016). For creditors it is essential that they require put huge focus on the minimum solvency needs that is deemed that organization can stay solvent at the declaration time of the director. The reports are linked with the determination of management lied on increasing concern. It is essential to indicate that HIH requires directing its focus on an organizations liquidity position where the liquidity position is generally concerned with financial as well as operational conducts of HIH. Such risks were related with pricing capability and outstanding claims of companies in alliance with HIHs reservation policy for dealing and working on investment decisions (Pitt 2014). Such representations are relied on provision handing where there is a requirement for prudential margins. For clients the focus is greatly on organizational performance illustrating inefficient goodwill planning and for deferred acquisition expenses and increase tax advantages. For this reason, if the consumers hire former auditors than it might have adverse impact on the independence of eternal auditing. It can be gathered that these auditors continues holding effective partnership with the auditing team. This includes holding increased influenced on the recent auditors based on the authority (Rikhardsson and Dull 2016). Considerably it can be stated that there is a strong association among former along with the existing auditors as they are capable to recognize and deal with issues related with parties that they hold and influence. Certain conditions that have surfaced the process of negligence actions of HIH insurance is generally related with the alterations accelerations made in the legislations. It is gathered from the case of the company that combinations of high risk pricing capability, uncontrolled investments and under-reserving the policies resulting in depletion of the companys financial resources (Schmidt et al. 2016). Faulty corporate governance conducts of HIH- From the case study it is gathered that the reasons for a companys bankruptcy generally includes certain agency cost issues resulting from agency conflict between the proprietors, debtors and managers in the company. A huge fraction of the issues is based on the changes that are generally reinforced with the direct liability structure of the government. The beginning of the legislative changes is linked with the public liabilities and insufficient risk management plays the role for ineffective management (Shin et al. 2013). Facts gathered from the case study indicate that inadequate risk management is because of the reason of failure in developing efficient management practices and policies. The directors seem to avoid conducting analysis of strategy for investment along with risk appreciation that is linked with several information sources. Inadequate independence data resources- The case study indicates that an accounting system has a considerable role in the functions of commercial systems of supremacy. For a company like HIH, it does not seem practicable for the non-executive directors to collect and have data vital for them to fulfill their directors responsibilities. For this reason, responsibilities of the companys noon-executive directors requires being compromised for there are no alternatives other than relying on the accounting systems generated and directed by the management. Moreover, this indicates inherent risks of business systems (Gaber and Lusk 2015). Inadequate independence for non-executive director- From the information gathered from the case study it is gathered that the non-executive directors it is justified to be questions and most certainly it does not seem that ideal as it seems to appear. Among the five executive directors, two directors are observed to be partners of Arthur Anderson secretarial company. It was gathered that HIH had experienced an expense of $1.7 million to Anderson for Auditing Services along with an amount of $1.631 million for the provision of non-auditing services. It is gathered that auditing services serve as a major source of extractions from the independent auditor and several related directors (Christensen et al. 2012). Either indirectly or directly corporate governance practices of HIH are held accountable for negligence conducts that effectively defines that the guiding principal or action course because of lack in independent evaluation of the management. Ethics Major focus is observed to be on the inadequate evidence before the audit report release along with changes that has been possible to be made in several accounts. The development of close relationship with the non-auditing services resulted in refusal on the enhancement of paid auditing services (William Jr et al. 2016). HIH Company desired to hire prior to the members of its external audit group are because of following reasons: Auditors remained accustomed to the organization Auditors are deemed to have good experience with distinct monetary and fiscal matters The management is relied on holding audit work for developing an efficient relationship with external auditors. Auditors are required to trust consumers executive to a level, which is not affecting the external auditors independence. Auditors are required to conserve the professional skepticism that implements the managerial conducts of organizations for the auditors and management are not capable to manage the financial statement (Christensen et al. 2013). Auditing organizations are required to offer certain non-auditing services with management consultancy along with offering advices on tax. This will make companies capable to offer non-auditing and auditing services to consumers. Objectivity is relied on dependency handling where consumers information is dependent on income source. Whereas, interest conflict is set to offer auditing and consulting services a set of discrepancies between the executives and management. Auditors have the reports concerning the financial situations with the profit maximization objective of companies (Ricchiute 2012). Benefit of having the identical organization offers both consulting and auditing services, as they are dependent on dealing with the audit activities of business. These facilities facilitate having the change in certain impaired statements. The reports are relied on recognizing company errors as it facilitates auditors and consultant to maintain client information management. These measures facilitate in dealing with mistakes and offer compilation of management reports. The regulatory measures serve as best solution for determining financial reports accuracy where providing these services are advantageous for various accounting companies (Pitt 2014). The case study indicates that organizational members did not accomplish their duties honestly, because they continuously offered misleading or false information. Most of the companys staff indulged themselves in unethical conducts where they failed to complete their organizational duties effectively. Arthur Anderson deteriorated situations with considerable collapse of Enron. The organization observed the person guilty of obstructing justice for some work papers deductions (Messier Jr 2016). These situations indicate a violation of thee organizations ethical standard that is further than the ethical limit of any corporate organization. Organizational staff requires indulging themselves in attaining ethical duties off the organization other than dealing with their clients. Such statement is relied on maintaining regulations with suitable codes and business standards. This encompasses information disclosure for suitable accounting practices (Pitt 2014). Evaluation of the case study recommends certain policies concerned with governance and financial reporting within amendments of CLERP 9, mentioned under: Waiting period for audit partners to join organizational board or some top management requires being extended firm two to four years that should encompass an audit companys senior management engaged in auditing conducts. Guidance is required to be provided to engagement partner and assess partner rotation after five years that must extend to major senior management authority. These recommendations intend to identify and deal with issues concerned with corporate groups. 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